Below is my unofficial MCU (Marvel Cinematic Universe) timeline that takes into account the released films except Captain America: The First Avenger. Note, none of the deleted scenes are taken into account. I have also left out the last few scenes of Thor (including the Post-Credits scene) as I could not realistically determine a spot for Jane recalculating when the next storm would occur or Selvig’s meeting with Fury. I'd guess that the ending with Jane occurs a few weeks after this timeline ends as she and S.H.I.E.L.D. would be collecting and combining data. I’d also assume that the post-credits scene of Thor would take a few weeks after this, as I think it would take time for Loki to get to Midgard, possess Selvig, and for this possessed Selvig to get clearance to study the Cosmic Cube. I will add Cap once I get to see it on my own (so that I don't distract my family/friends).
{1} – I’m assuming that Odin and the Asgardians win the battle in the same year; no real way of knowing though.
{2} In the opening montage to The Incredible Hulk, the date of the break out is listed as March 7th. Due to later dialogue, I assume the year is 2004 which places the film around 2008-2009. However, General Ross states that Banner hasn’t made a mistake in 5 years, which gives a little bit of a leeway in case a later film (Captain America, The Avengers) chooses to actually give a date.
{3} When Stark goes to the party the night he designs the Mark III, a newscast says he has been bedridden for weeks. I’m going to go out on a limb and say it took another week for him to finish the Mark II. In that same newscast they say that the “I’m not building weapons” conference was earlier that month.
{4} Jarvis says the Mark III construction will take approximately 5 hours.
{5} The Stark Conference and The last Hulk out are so close, that I enjoy speculating that Stark’s reveal that he is Iron Man is what triggered the Hulk’s emergence. The 158 days comes from information given at the beginning of TIH
{6} I’m giving this much time between events due to the soda needing to be shipped, bought, drunken, and the Army to get to Banner
{7} Due to the 343 days listed at the end of the film, I needed to insert missing days somewhere, and this seems to be one of the best times to do it. Stark says to Pepper that she’s only been in charge for a week near the end of the film, and I’m taking his word somewhat literally here. Costume changes (or rather a lack thereof) later in the film make me think that this placement is correct.
{8} This is the biggest issue of contention and I’d love your opinions on it. The issue arrives from when Coulson leaves Stark in Iron Man 2 and when he arrives in New Mexico in Thor. It appears that in Iron Man 2, Coulson leaves as Stark is nearly finished with the new reactor, which would imply it being the afternoon (the lighting of a later scene tells us that is not the evening). In Thor, Coulson arrives in the morning/midday as the locals have been pulling at the hammer for awhile, yet Thor is still eating breakfast. In my opinion, this means that Coulson leaves for New Mexico the day prior (or rather, the same 24 hour period, just in the afternoon before the nightly crash) to the arrival of Thor and Mjolnir, as Jane Foster’s dialogue at the beginning of Thor and Nick Fury’s comments in Iron Man 2, imply that weird stuff has been happening for awhile. This means that Coulson takes a bit of time to prepare his crew for New Mexico and either drives or flies out there before driving to the site. I think this is reasonable enough, as opposed to having him get out there in a matter of hours (which is what it would have to be, as New Mexico would lose daylight before California).
{9} The film says that Banner arrived at Culver University 17 days after the Brazil Incident
There's also
Film Buff Online's MCU Timeline
Their timeline has used more sources than my own and comes up with a slightly different order, and more accurate dates (due to the additional sources). My timeline uses the films exclusively, while theirs uses supplemental material (prequel comics, novel adaptations, knowledge of actual events, etc).